If electric fields make holes in bacterial membranes {electroporation}, plasmids can enter bacteria.
Plasmids can enter bacteria during short high-heat periods {heat shock}|, in concentrated calcium-chloride solution.
Lipid vesicles {liposome}| with DNA or protein can fuse with cell membranes and enter cells.
4-Genetics-Recombinant DNA-Cloning
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Date Modified: 2022.0225